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美国中小学校园安全治理审思

来源:全球教育展望 作者: 杨文杰 范国睿 已有0人评论  2019/10/11 10:46:57  加入收藏

学校安全是一个综合性系统工程,作为构建社会治安防控体系的重要组成部分,学校安全不只是教育系统内部的事,社会各方也应参与其中,做好分内事,把好安全关,支持、协助学校做好安全工作。[47]例如,通过培养一部分驻校警察驻校,承担处理犯罪行为、维护学校安全以及学校危机管理等职责;协调好与家长、社区之间的关系,以学校为中心建立安全协同防范机制,利用校外社会专业机构开展相关的培训,让家长、教师、学生广泛参与进来,同时学校结合多方的意见,制定校园安全计划,增强学生安全防范意识,营造校园安全环境。

(三)依托大数据安全监控平台,实现校园安全管理可视化

当下,随着信息技术、人工智能的发展,数据收集已经不再像往常一样繁复。在校园安全管理过程中,构建大数据平台,利用互联网实现数据自动归档,抓准校园重点区域、重点部位治安防范盲区、死角监管全覆盖,让安全工作可视化,实现校园人防物防技防管理数据化。

大数据的应用在于深度挖掘数据价值,推动各个行业的发展,在教育领域,大数据为支撑教育政策科学化、推动教育资源配置合理化、规范管理体系等发挥着重要的作用。随着近年来我国教育信息化进程的推进,我们已经逐渐掌握了一定的量化教学行为、挖掘数据价值的手段和模式,但仍然存在着大量潜在教育数据难以获取以及数据源之间功能无法相互关联的“信息孤岛”现象。[48]

校园安全与每个师生、家长和社会有着切身的关系。近两年来,校园安全事故呈现事发隐蔽性强、突然性等特点,凸显了当下我国校园安全治理中的漏洞与不足。在未来推进大数据安全平台防范、处理校园安全事故的同时,更应关注教师、家长、社区、学生自身的安全意识,构建学校自查自纠机制,发挥教师在预防、干预、事后中的作用,注重学生心理健康养成,努力建立防止暴力行为,减少欺凌和受害的心理健康机制,调试学生情绪、性格、人格发展,以促进学生的身心协调发展。

(四)赋予学校处理事故的先决权,完善校内安全治理机制

校园安全的工作机制涉及五个重要的环节:安全预防、危机预警、问题应对、事件干预、善后工作。[49]目前,在校园安全治理的过程中,包括美国在内的诸多国家通过加强学校安全教育、制定安全计划、与其他部门协作等方式实现对校园安全事故的预防预警,而事故发生后的应对、责任追究、处理等问题的解决相对比较薄弱,同时我国由于学校权责有限,在事后发生后多采用呈报给上级教育行政部门的方式处理、解决,校内安全治理机制不健全,处于相对弱势的地位,影响校内安全事故的善后事宜的进度,一定程度上对学校教育秩序造成了不良的影响。

在美国,在安全事故发生后,学校作为安全事故的发生地以及自身的职能,具有应对、处理事故的首任权。在学校的应急指挥机构(CRT),由校长、校园警察、心理干预人员、校内其他安全管理部门的负责人、学生自治团体负责人等组成,并邀请社区负责人、有合作关系的应急救援组织等代表参加,针对危机爆发时作出紧急决策,同时包括在平常状态下对学校安全管理的领导与协调。[50]在我国,传统的学校教育组织已经成为影响学校管理的掣肘,亟待变革。在学校安全治理层面,应该通过进一步赋权,实现整个学校安全处理能力的最大化,形成政府——学校——社会多元协作的安全治理体系。其中要通过政府简政放权,对学校本身虽强化了其安全管理职责但并未赋予其必要的资源,比如警局、医疗卫生机构等的协助等,赋予学校对突发事件的紧急决策和处置权;通过构建安全事故指挥机构,明确各方的职责,定期通过监察、评估、述职等工作,完善学校安全治理结构,赋予学校在安全治理中的先期处置权,发挥学校在安全治理中的重要作用,形成学校在事故源头、事中、事后的预防、处理、善后完整链条,实现学校安全治理常态化、系统化。

作者简介:杨文杰/华东师范大学基础教育改革与发展研究所博士研究生(上海200062);范国睿/华东师范大学国家教育宏观政策研究院首席专家、教育治理研究院教授(上海200062)

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关键字:校园安全 “50州比较” 校园安全法 驻校警察

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